How can Zebra excrement tell us what an animal’s response to climate change and habitat destruction will be?
That is what scientists from The University of Manchester and Chester Zoo have been investigating in South Africa. Together the team have been using ‘poo science’ to understand how challenges or ‘stressors’, such as the destruction and breakup of habitats, impact on populations of South Africa’s Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra ssp. zebra).
Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra ssp. zebra).
Image credit the University of Manchester
To measure ‘stress’ levels of the animals the scientists have been analysing glucocorticoid hormones in the Cape zebra’s droppings. Glucocorticoid hormones are a group of steroid hormones that help regulate the ‘flight or fight’ stress response in animals. The research, which is published online on 31 October in the journal Functional Ecology, found that zebras are facing multiple challenges, including poor habitat and gender imbalances, which are likely to compromise their health, have repercussions for their reproduction and, ultimately, a population’s long term survival.
Dr Susanne Shultz, the senior author from the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (SEES) at Manchester, explains: ‘Faecal hormone measurements are easy to collect without disturbing the animals and provide a window into the chronic stress animals are experiencing. Using these indicators we can establish the health of both individuals and populations.’
The team have used a ‘macrophysiological approach’ for the first time ever to evaluate the effectiveness of an ongoing conservation plan. A macrophysiological approach involves comparing animal responses in different nature reserves or geographical regions. By evaluating patterns of stress on a large scale, at-risk populations can be identified as their profile will differ from healthy populations.
The researchers also found that using physiological biomarkers, such as hormones from droppings, is an effective way of evaluating the impact of ecological and demographic factors on animal populations. This approach could also tell conservationists how other animals and species might respond to future environmental changes and stressors.
Dr Sue Walker, co-author, Head of Applied Science, Chester zoo
As well as using this new approach the particular species of the Zebra was also important. Dr Jessica Lea, from SEES and the paper’s lead author, added: ‘The Cape mountain zebra is an ideal model species to assess because it has undergone huge ecological and demographic changes in the recent years.
‘Following a massive population decline, they have been actively conserved for the past several decades. The information available on their recovery means we can measure the impacts of both environment and social factors on population health.’ The current conservation status of the Cape mountain zebra is considered as Vulnerable according the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™.
Combining SEES’s knowledge in macro-ecology with Chester Zoo’s expertise in wildlife physiology allowed the team to gain crucial insights into the Cape Mountain zebra ecology. This then translated into practical applied conservation management initiatives to support the species.
Dr Shultz added: ‘Understanding the factors leading to global biodiversity loss is a major societal challenge. In an ever-changing environment, new problems arise quickly so it is essential we use evidence-based methods to continually evaluate the effectiveness of conservation projects.’
(Source: University of Manchester news release, 01.11.2017)
